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Draskovics, Tibor - jurist, politician, Minister of Justice and Law Enforcement (approx.: Attorney General). Antrobus, J., Hartwig, P., Rosa, D., Reinsel, R., & Fein, G. ( 1987). Brightness and clarity of REM and NREM imagery: Photo response scale. Sleep Research, 16, 240. Langkau, J. ( 2021). Two kinds of imaginative vividness. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 51( 1), 33– 47. The detailedness aspect of subjective specificity is related to blurriness as it is also associated with the amount of information in high spatial frequency channels, that is information about fine-grained details. However, detailedness and blurriness are importantly different since fine-grained details can be missing from a percept even if it is not blurry at all. This can happen, for example, in the case of over-exposure or under-exposure, that is, when there is simply no information available about certain details. The amount of detail in the experience is associated with the activity of the relevant representations specific to the content-elements in question at lower levels of the visual hierarchy mostly along the ventral stream (Kauffmann et al., 2014; Lu et al., 2018; Musel et al., 2014).

Nanay, B. ( 2015). Perceptual content and the content of mental imagery. Philosophical Studies, 172, 1723– 1736. Bayne, T., Hohwy, J., & Owen, A. ( 2016b). Response to Fazekas and Overgaard: Degrees and levels. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20( 10), 716– 717.Conscious experiences are often compared to and contrasted with each other on the basis of how vivid they are. The fact that experiences are comparable along their vividness allowed Hume to theorise about the similarities and differences between memories and imaginings (Hume, 1739/1985), and enables an analysis of the relationship between stimulus-driven perception and mental imagery (Dijkstra et al., 2019). It plays a central role in understanding hallucinations (Fazekas, 2021; Galton, 1883; Garrison et al., 2017; Simons et al., 2017), and also makes it possible to reinterpret crucial findings and draw novel conclusions with regard to dream experiences (Fazekas et al., 2019; Siclari et al., 2017) and mind wandering (Fazekas et al., 2020; Mason et al., 2007). Recognising that experiences can be more or less vivid helps sketch new frameworks for thinking about different global states of consciousness (Bayne et al., 2016a; Fazekas & Overgaard, 2016) and about how experiences can be gradual or degraded (Fazekas & Overgaard, 2018; Phillips, 2020). Moreover, such an analysis will shed new light on the very notion of vividness as well as, given the link between decreased vividness and degraded consciousness in the quality sense, the central proposal of this article is that what “vividness” (as measured by VVIQ) captures is the combination of subjective intensity and subjective specificity. 2.3 Is vividness a useful notion? The Fazekas scale is used to simply quantify the severity of white matter damage typically attributed to obstruction of small blood vessels.

Riggall, A. C., & Postle, B. ( 2012). The relationship between working memory storage and elevated activity as measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 12990– 12998. Daselaar, S. M., Porat, Y., Huijbers, W., & Pennartz, C. M. A. ( 2010). Modality-specific and modality-independent components of the human imagery system. NeuroImage, 52( 2), 677– 685. Marks, D. F. ( 1995). New directions for mental imagery research. Journal of Mental Imagery, 19( 3–4), 153– 167. Carruthers, P. ( 2019). Human and animal minds: The consciousness questions laid to rest. Oxford University Press. Ling, S., Liu, T., & Carrasco, M. ( 2009). How spatial and feature-based attention affect the gain and tuning of population responses. Vision Research, 49( 10), 1194–1204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2008.05.025Rademaker, R., & Pearson, J. ( 2012). Training visual imagery: Improvements of metacognition, but not imagery strength. Frontiers in Psychology, 3( 224), 1-11.

To investigate the differences in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal intensity (SI) between MS and CSVD related white matter lesions. Fulford, J., Milton, F., Salas, D., Smith, A., Simler, A., Winlove, C., & Zeman, A. ( 2018). The neural correlates of visual imagery vividness: An fMRI study and literature review. Cortex, 105, 26– 40. Response functions of orientation sensitive neurons and the effect of spatial attention. (a) Neural response of neurons with vertical orientation preference to a range of different orientations at a given contrast level. (b) Neural response of same neurons to similar stimuli with at a higher contrast level. (c) The effect of attention on the neural response function. (d) When attended, an oriented edge with a given contrast appears to have higher contrast (for a more detailed recent overview, see Carrasco & Barbot, 2019).Fazekas, P., Nemeth, G., & Overgaard, M. ( 2020). Perceptual representations and the vividness of stimulus-triggered and stimulus-independent experiences. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15( 5), 1200– 1213. Subjective intensity and subjective specificity are higher-level modality-general features of experiences that can characterise not just visual but also auditory, olfactory, tactile, and so forth experiences as well. In general, regardless of the specific modality, while a subjectively more intense content-element captures one's attention and gets into the centre of consciousness more easily, a subjectively more specific content-element better determines and carries more specific information about its source. In the different modalities, however, subjective intensity and subjective specificity are implemented differently, and thus are determined by many modality-specific factors or sub-dimensions that can be modulated either individually or in any combination. For example, brightness and loudness are modality-specific features that determine subjective intensity in the visual and auditory modalities, respectively. The building was severely damaged both in World War II and again in the 1956 revolution. Since 1957 the Seminary has enjoyed its most successful period ever. Dehaene, S., & Changeux, J. ( 2011). Experimental and theoretical approaches to conscious processing. Neuron, 70( 2), 200– 227.

The main goal of this article is to propose an account of vividness—focusing on the visual modality but aiming to develop a modality-independent conceptual apparatus—that is able to reconcile these positions. Section 2 will argue that vividness is way more complex than how existing contributions to this debate describe it. The psychological notion of vividness conflates two major dimensions along which experiences vary: subjective intensity and subjective specificity, which themselves can vary along further sub-dimensions. Section 3 will substantiate this claim via a close engagement with recent empirical findings, and will identify the neural underpinnings of subjective intensity and subjective specificity in the visual modality. To see why, consider that perceptual content, according to a straightforward way of thinking about it, is the sum of the different properties that the perceptual apparatus attributes to various parts of the perceived scene (Nanay, 2010, p. 265). Nanay ( 2015) argues that the content of mental imagery is similar to the content of perception with the important difference that the content of mental imagery can contain determinables without their determinates. On the one hand, this claim is nicely in line with the proposal of the present article, as precision, blurriness and detailedness are different ways in which determinacy might manifest itself. Less precise colours (like red) are the quintessential textbook cases of determinables (with particular shades as determinates e.g., vermillion in the case of red), but both more blurry and less detailed (due to e.g., over and underexposure) images can be seen as determinables as well (with less blurry and more detailed determinates; see Nanay, 2015, 2018). WMH, white matter hyperintensities; K-MMSE, Korean Mini-Mental Status Examination; ROCFT, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test; SCNT, the Seoul Computerized Neuropsychological Test Battery; CPT, continuous performance test.Knowledge about the specific details regarding how the features that constitute the content of perception are encoded by the neural ensembles in question is able to shed new light on the similarities and differences between the contents of distinct experiences. The issue of vividness is an example of this. By knowing the relevant characteristics of the neural representations, it becomes possible to turn the task of exploring the dimensions of vividness, finding their neural bases and comparing them across experiences a viable empirical research programme. Rechtschaffen, A., & Buchignani, C. ( 1992). The visual appearance of dreams. In J. Antrobus & M. Bertini (Eds.), The neuropsychology of sleep and dreaming (pp. 143– 156). Lawrence Erlbaum.